![]() The introduction of novel integrated approaches when applied to toxicology investigations will sharpen our ability to distinguish causally relevant events between environmental exposures and disease outcomes. Historically, population-based investigations of disease risk associated with environmental exposures relied on statistical associations for causal inference. Toxicology research is not different and in recent years toxicological procedures have begun to incorporate a wide array of computational techniques and artificial biological approaches for assessing the toxicological risk of chemicals. Many areas of biological sciences and clinical medicine are benefitting from applying the emerging disciplines of systems biology and synthetic biology. We conclude this review by presenting a number of opportunities and challenges that could shape the future of these rapidly evolving disciplines. Finally, we discuss the nascent discipline of synthetic biology and highlight relevant toxicological centred applications of this technique, including improvements in personalised medicine. In particular, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of mathematical frameworks that computationally represent biological systems. We introduce how systems toxicology (and their subdisciplines, genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic toxicology) will help to overcome such limitations. We review limitations confronted by the traditional computational approaches to toxicology and epidemiology research, using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their effects on adverse birth outcomes as an illustrative example. ![]() This review illustrates how a suite of innovative techniques and tools can be applied to understanding complex health and toxicology issues. Toxicology is beginning to benefit from systems biology and we suggest in the future that is will also benefit from synthetic biology. Systems biology and synthetic biology are emerging disciplines which are becoming increasingly utilised in several areas of bioscience. ![]()
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